Israeli plan for the development of the historic basin of Jerusalem’s Old City, expected to conclude in 2024. The area slated for development includes the Old City and the so-called “City of David” in Silwan, along with the Mount of Olives, the Peace Forest, and the Armon HaNatziv Promenade. The Shalem Plan is a continuation of the processes taking place in the historic basin over the past 20 years, characterized by right-wing nonprofit influence over governmental actions (based on Government Decisions 2678 of 2017) and 3788 of 2018) that are harmful to the Palestinian residents and deleterious to non-Jewish heritage in East Jerusalem. Some of these initiatives include opening a cafe, building a cable car between the First Station in West Jerusalem and the Kedem Compound in East Jerusalem, expropriating agricultural land from Palestinians in Abu Tor/Ath-Thori via gardening orders, and others. Nearly half of the plan’s budget of NIS 350 million, which the Israeli government presented as a program of national importance, is funded by Elad, a rightwing settler organization with overt political and ideological goals (see Elad). The plan attempts to conceal all physical, symbolic, and emotional connections between Palestinian Silwan and the Old City and highlight only sites associated with the Jewish people’s narrative in Jerusalem.

Process initiated by the Israeli state in which land ownership rights are officially registered in the state’s land registry ("Tabu"). AS a result, land rights are established and can hardly be contested. While the majority of land (over 95%) on the Israeli side of Green Line has undergone a settlement of title procedure, approximately 90% of the land in East Jerusalem has not had these processes completed. These titles are essential in urban planning and economic development, promoting transparency, clarity, and finality of property rights. In 2018, Israel began to exploit them as part of implementing Israeli Government Decision 3790. However, in the context of the Israeli occupation and Jewish supremacy (see Nation-State Law) they aim at advancing the interests of the state rather than aiding the Palestinian population as it falsely claims. They are used as a tool to seize more land in East Jerusalem, leading to the expansion of Israeli settlements, furthering Palestinian dispossession, and placing Palestinian communities in East Jerusalem in danger of displacement. As of early 2023, 158 ​​blocs in East Jerusalem were undergoing settlement of land title proceedings – mainly areas where the state and/or settlers have a particular interest and some capacity to claim the land, while Palestinian residents are rarely sufficiently notified. As of June 2022, some 3,825 dunums of East Jerusalem land were at various stages in the process, with only two blocs having been completed, one of which is Um Haroun in Sheikh Jarrah. Other plots involved are part of the Shepherd Hotel compound in Sheikh Jarrah, areas in the French Hill, Gilo and Neve Yaakov settlements, and land next to Sur Baher.

(Hebrew: Hozrim Lahar) Jewish extremist group, which advocates for the construction of a third temple on the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound. Members are identified with the far-right Kach movement (see Kach/Kahane Chai). and are composed of several far-right settler groups (see Hilltop Youth). The goal of this group is not to challenge the status quo (see Status Quo)  and allow Jews to pray on Al-Aqsa Mosque, but the erasure of the status quo in order to set up a Temple “as written in the scriptures”. Members offer financial rewards to any attempts of goat sacrifice on the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound.

Series of Israeli airstrikes on the Gaza Strip during the period from 9-13 May 2023 that started with the targeted killing of three leaders of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad. In total,  33 people were killed in Gaza, including six children and three women.

Arrest campaign launched by the Israeli police in mid-May 2021 and lasting until 3 June 2021, during which thousands of police forces were deployed around the country against rioters, offenders and anyone involved in illegal activity, particularly targeting those involved in the May 2021 violence (during the “Gaza War”). Some 2,142 people were detained, 91% of whom were Arabs.

 Israeli military operation in reaction to Hizbullah’s infiltration attempt at Har Dov on the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights from 2-4 May 1988. Then commander of the Israeli army Northern Command, Major-General Yossi Peled, decided to raid the Lebanese town of Maidun, serving as Hizbullah base, which ended in the destruction of the village.

Israeli military operation in Gaza that started on 10 May 2021 ahead of the (later canceled) Jerusalem Day parade, launched as a response to the joint Hamas/Palestinian Islamic Jihad rockets fired at Jerusalem in protest of the provocative presence of Israel’s military and of Jewish extremists on Al-Aqsa compound and in Sheikh Jarrah. Israeli forces conducted hundreds of aerial, land, and sea strikes on the Gaza Strip, demolishing over 900 targets completely or partially, including 18 buildings (four of them high-rise towers), 40 schools, four hospitals, 19 medical facilities and parts of the Shati refugee camp, killing 256 Palestinians and wounding over 1,900 others. In Israel, 14 persons were killed. When after 11 days of fighting, on 21 May 2021, an Egypt-mediated ceasefire came into effect, some 72,000 Palestinians had been displaced.

Operation preventively launched by Israel against Gaza on 5 August 2022 after capturing Palestinian Islamic Jihad’s West Bank chief Bassem Saadi four days earlier. The stated objectives were protecting Israeli civilians from Islamic Jihad rockets, striking infrastructure in the Gaza Strip and eliminating senior officials. Israeli forces conducted some 147 airstrikes in Gaza, resulting in the death of at least 49 Palestinians, including 17 children. The operation ended on 7 August, when Israel and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad announced an Egyptian-brokered ceasefire.

(Ongoing) Israeli operation launched on 31 March 2022 in response to a series of stabbing and shooting attacks against Israelis in Beer Sheva, Bnei Brak, and Hadera earlier that month. It targeted resistance movements in the West Bank, leading to frequent raids in Jenin and Nablus and the deaths of civilians and journalists, including the killing of Palestinian journalist Shireen Abu Aqleh in Jenin on 11 May 2021. Part of the operation was also an army raid in the Jenin refugee camp on 26 January 2023 to prevent an allegedly planned attack, which left 10 Palestinians killed, including an elderly woman, making it the deadliest raid on the camp in nearly 20 years.

Initiative challenging the veteran Palestinian leadership, formed by a group of Palestinian personalities around Nasser Al-Qudwa, who was expelled from the ruling Fatah faction’s Central Committee in 2021 after he formed his own “Freedom List” to participate in the PLC elections (that never took place). The initiative seeks major reforms and changes in the Palestinian political system and institutions, including the PLO. It is described as a “transitional body for transformation and renewal” seeking to “push toward a national mobilization that can affect deep, extensive change to the Palestinian political system and rebuild its institutions, with the aim of empowering our people to confront the massive and national existential threats that we face.”

Electoral list formed in April 2021, by Nasser Al-Qudwa, a senior member of Fatah and Yasser Arafat’s nephew, to contest in the PLC elections in May 2021 (that never took place). A few hours before the registration deadline, the list merged with Marwan Barghouti – another veteran Fatah leader currently serving a life sentence in an Israel jail – to produce the “Freedom list” (see above).

Born out of a meeting held on the sidelines of the Munich Security Conference in February 2020 between the foreign ministers of Egypt, Jordan, France and Germany, this group of four met again to continue discussing Israel-Palestine peace efforts (so far in July 2020, September 2020, January 2021, March 2021, February 2022, September 2022 and May 2023). They each have strong relations with the parties to the conflict, both in the region and beyond, and want to promote lasting peace and stability in the region, believing that the two-state solution is still the best basis for this.

Settlement plan to be implemented by the Jerusalem District Planning Committee over the Green Line next to the area that borders Bethlehem. The plan, which got preliminary approval in January 2022, calls for the construction of 1,465 housing units on some 186 dunums of land (of which only 7 dunums are “state land”) along with an access road to be built on private Palestinian land belonging to residents of the adjacent Palestinian neighborhood of Umm Tuba. If constructed, this settlement will serve to create more Israeli continuity between Givat Hamatos and Har Homa while fracturing Palestinian space: breaking up contiguity between Beit Safafa and Sur Baher as well as Bethlehem and East Jerusalem.

Group that emerged in August 2022, named after Ibrahim Al-Nabulsi, a prominent resistance fighter from Nablus, nicknamed The Lion of Nablus, killed in July 2022 during an Israeli raid. Based in Nablus, the main goal revolves around targeting Israeli forces and encouraging other youths to imitate them, mainly through social media. The group has no affiliation with any "established terror organizations”, nor with the Palestinian Authority.

Far-right supremacist Jewish organization aiming at opposing “Jewish assimilation” through interfaith marriages. Lehava is an acronym for the Hebrew phrase LiMniat Hitbolelut B'eretz HaKodesh which means “For the Prevention of Assimilation in the Holy Land”. Lehava also calls for segregation by targeting “cooperating” Israeli-Jews (who rent to Arabs, go to mixed beaches, jointly work in the medical field), and opposing Christianity in Israel.

Israeli covert operation, also known as ‘Operation Susannah’, conducted in Egypt in the summer of 1954. A group of Egyptian Jews were recruited by Israeli military intelligence to plant bombs inside Egyptian, American, and British-owned civilian targets: cinemas, libraries, and educational centers which would then be blamed mainly on the Muslim Brotherhood, but also on Egyptian communists and other groups. The goal was to eventually destabilize Egypt and induce Britain to maintain its military presence in the Suez Canal zone. However, the plan was uncovered by Egyptians authorities, which later led to the resignation of then Israeli Defense Minister Pinhas Lavon and, ultimately, Israeli Prime Minister Moshe Sharett, and further strained relations between Israel and Egypt, the US, and Britain.

Form of activism seen as a show of solidarity in reaction to both the perceived pro-Israel bias of then US President Donald Trump's 2020 Middle East “peace plan” and Israeli threats to Islamic holy sites in Jerusalem and Hebron. Thousands of Palestinians gathered in front of mosques for early prayers, forsaking the usual protest sites where they risk arrest and channeling their anger into a mass expression of faith. The first calls for a surge in attendance were from Fatah, and numbers grew after the campaign gained support from Hamas.

Planned 700-unit settlement plan over the Green Line that was approved by the Jerusalem District Planning Committee in September 2022 on 38 dunams of land, affecting the Palestinian neighborhoods of Beit Safafa and Sharafat. Once implemented, it will fracture southern East Jerusalem and become the largest settlement that Israel has established in an existing Palestinian neighborhood and the first one directly undertaken by the government.

Independent list of 56 candidates for the 2021 elections (that never took place) submitted by Nasser Al-Qudwa, former Fatah Central Committee member and nephew of Yasser Arafat, and endorsed by Fatah leader Marwan Barghouti, who is currently serving five life sentences in an Israeli jail for his role during the Al-Aqsa Intifada. Al-Qudwa had announced his intention to run on a separate list already in early March 2021, which led to his expulsion from Fatah altogether. The Freedom List was headed by Al-Qudwa, with Marwan’s wife Fadwa Barghouti coming second and Abdel Fatah Hamayel, a leader of the first intifada, third. Hani Al-Masri, the director general of Masarat, the Palestinian Center for Policy Research and Strategic Studies, also figured on the list.

A breakaway list of Fatah members submitted by Mohammed Dahlan’s Democratic Reform Block for the 2021 elections (that never took place). The top three names on the 132-candidate list were Samir Al-Mashharawi, a former Fatah leader and Preventive Security veteran from Gaza; Dr. Sari Nusseibeh, former President of Al-Quds University; and author and feminist Nayrouz Qarmout.

An Israeli army unit turning settlers in the West Bank into soldiers. The “Desert Frontier” is mainly made up of settlers originally from the “hilltop youth” (see Hilltop Youth), a religious-nationalist youth who establish outposts without an Israeli legal basis in the West Bank, following the Kahanist ideology (see Kach/Kahane Chai). The idea is that serving in the unit is a way to rehabilitate them. Integrating them to the army also allows the Israeli military to fulfill the “security vacuum” in the Judean Desert with members who grew up in these outposts, worked as shepherds from a young age, and developed skills in tracking and navigation in the field.

Name of the Fatah branch of dismissed Mohammed Dahlan and his supporters, who were ostracized from Fatah in 2016. Dahlan, now living in the UAE after being ousted from the West Bank by PA President Mahmoud Abbas, repeatedly contested the Fatah/PLO and its internal organizations by calling for reform, protesting corruption, and taking part in the 2007 Gaza clashes (see Battle of Gaza) as head of the National Security Council. The Democratic Reform Current submitted a list called “The Future” for the 2021 Palestinian elections (that never took place).

an Israeli national holiday celebrating the “reunification” of Jerusalem following the Six Days War in 1967 which led to the occupation of East Jerusalem, including the Old City, and later on, the formal annexation in 1980 through the Basic Law “Capital of Israel”. One of the celebrations during this day (see Jerusalem Day) is the ‘Dance of flags,’ a parade mainly led by extremist religious Zionists through the occupied – and emptied from Palestinians by the police – Old City. The parade is accompanied by police-protected hate speech and violence from the settlers, including screaming “deaths to Arabs” and “may your village burn” while roaming through Palestinian neighborhoods.

Statement signed by tens of Palestinian organizations to reject conditional funding, even if it leads to their collapse or inability to perform their vital work. Reaction to the donors’ obligation (mainly European Union) to stipulate anti-terrorism clauses and policies in order for Palestinian community-based and non-governmental organizations to obtain funding. The escalation of such clauses is perceived as policies and approaches aimed at obliterating Palestinian national rights. The campaign demands the revocation of this condition from any contracts with Palestinian civil society institutions, the issuance of a clear declared position on the part of the PLO and PA rejecting such conditions, and condemnation by the international civil society of conditional financing policy and pressure.

 System the Israeli army has been using since 2019, which consists of a database into which the photos and details of West Bank Palestinians are uploaded, whether they are connected to terrorism or not, enabling their tracking and monitoring. The details include, among other things, ID number, age, gender, residence, vehicle license plate numbers, contacts with other people and whether they are allowed to work in Israel. The soldiers are required to take the photos of randomly chosen Palestinians with their cell phones and upload their details to the system. According to estimates, the system holds the photos of thousands of Palestinians – including children and the elderly.

Can primarily refer in art to the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them, but is also mainly understood in the context of cultural appropriation, involving appropriation of objects associated with some cultures, showing logics of domination, oppression and spoliation to some extents. Whinto which en people refer to appropriation or misappropriation of cultural heritage, they may be referring to tangible or intangible heritage. Heritage is understood differently according to the cultural context, but broadly includes elements of a collective past that remain meaningful to a culture today. Tangible forms of cultural heritage are appropriated when an item is removed from the source community or artist. This form of appropriation has for example resulted in the accumulation in museums of objects from all around the world. Intangible heritage includes meaningful creative expressions such as designs, styles, songs, dances, stories, food, rituals, and artistic works. These forms of heritage are appropriated when the design or style is copied by someone from a different culture and/or used for a different purpose than originally intended.

A series of joint normalization statements initially between Israel, the United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain, effective since September 15, 2020, and later extended under US compulsion to Morocco (after the Trump administration recognized Moroccan control over the disputed Western Sahara region) and Sudan (after the Trump administration agreed to remove Sudan from the State Department list of "state sponsors of terrorism") in 2021. As part of the agreements, those countries recognize Israel's sovereignty, enabling the establishment of full diplomatic relations. The Arab League refrained from condemning the Abraham Accords while Palestinian observers noted that even if the deal had delayed de jure annexation, illegal Israeli settlement activity – a form of de facto annexation – would continue in the West Bank. As a product of President Trump’s support of Israeli Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu, the Abraham Accords contributed further to Israel’s sense of acceptance in the Middle East and the effective marginalization of the Palestinian issue. Motivations are also mainly economic since the Accords allow Israel to provide the Gulf states with economic, technological, military and cyber-security expertise, and later on pursue normalization with Saudi Arabia.

Second leading body of the PLO which was first formed in June 1970 as an ad hoc body and then established by the PNC in 1973 under the chairmanship of Khaled Al-Fahum. The PCC functions as an intermediary body be­tween the PNC and the Executive Committee that is quicker and easier to convene than the full PNC. The PCC met in Tunis in October 1993 to ratify the Declaration of Principles (by a vote of 63-8 with nine abstentions) and on 27 April 1999 in Gaza to discuss the ex­piry of it. In January 2018, in the aftermath of the US’s recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, the PCC convened in Ramal­lah and called for the suspension of the PLO's recognition of Israel (until it recognizes Palestine as a state in return) and of the PA’s security coordination with Israel. After anoth­er meeting in Ramallah, the PCC issued an official statement on 29 October 2018, say­ing that it decided to end the PLO’s com­mitments toward all agreements signed with Israel, including the suspension of its recog­ni­tion of Israel until the latter recog­nizes the state of Palestine in return and the cessation of its security and economic coordi­nation in all its forms with Israel. At present, the PCC has 124 members elected during a PNC meet­ing between 30 April and 3 May 2018.

(English: Remembering) Israeli non-profit organization formed in 2002 to raise awareness and public recognition of the Nak­ba, the Palestinian catastrophe of 1948, which is marginalized in Zionist collective memory. Zochrot also promotes equal rights for all peoples in Israel and Palestine, in­cluding a re­conceptualization of the right of Palestinians to return to their homes. In 2014, it launched the trilingual smartphone App iNakba (in Eng­lish, Arab­ic, and Hebrew) that allows users to locate and learn about Palestinian localities destroyed during, and as a result of, the Nakba since 1948.

Kind of a parliament of the Jewish-Zionist movement created by Theo­dor Herzl, which first convened in 1897 and later met every two years. The first Congress, which took place in 1897 in Basel, saw the founda­tion of the Zionist Organization, the adop­tion of Hatik­vah as its anthem, and the ab­sorp­tion of most of the previous Hovevei Zion socie­ties. Its goals were set forth in the Basel Pro­gram: "Zionism seeks to establish a home for the Jewish people in Palestine, se­cured under public law." Every Congress elected a Zionist Executive Committee, whose mem­bers had to live in Eretz Yisrael since 1921. The Congress also elected an Actions Com­mittee serving as legislating body between Congresses. In 1929, the Zionist Congress es­tablished the Jewish Agency to encourage settlement and enlist in­ter­national Jewish support for development projects. In 1960, it was renamed the World Zionist Organiza­tion, although the Zionist Con­gress remains its supreme ideological and policy-making body.